Meningitis - H. influenzae

Haemophilus influenza organism

This picture shows the organism Haemophilus influenza. Infections caused by Haemophilus influenza usually occur in children under 6 years old and are extremely serious. Haemophilus (type B) is responsible for meningitis, periorbital cellulitis, buccal cellulitis and epiglottitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, pericarditis, and bacteremia. The small organisms live within cells (intracellular) as shown in this picture. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

Influenza

Influenza, also known as the flu, is caused by a virus.

Haemophilus influenzae meningitis is an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges) caused by H. influenzae bacteria.

Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) is a type of bacteria, not to be confused with the disease influenza , an upper respiratory infection caused by the influenza virus.

Prior to the availability of the Hib vaccine, H. influenzae was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children under 5 years of age.It occurred most frequently in children from 1 month up to 4 years, with a peak at 6 to 9 months. Since the introduction of the vaccine in the U.S., H. influenzae now occurs in less than 2 in 100,000 children. It still causes between 5% - 10% of bacterial meningitis cases in adults.

H. influenzae meningitis may follow an upper respiratory infection, and may develop slowly or quickly. The infection usually spreads from the respiratory tract to the bloodstream, and then to the meninges. At the meninges, the bacteria produce infection and inflammation, causing serious illness and sometimes death.

Risk factors include a recent history of otitis media (ear infection), sinusitis (infection of sinuses), pharyngitis (sore throat), other upper respiratory infection, or a history of a family member with an H. influenzae infection. Another significant risk factor is race -- Native Americans have a rate of more than 3 times that of the general population. Placement in day care also increases risk.

Immune Response

Immune system structures

The immune system protects the body from potentially harmful substances. The inflammatory response (inflammation) is part of innate immunity. It occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat or any other cause.

Phagocytosis

The chemicals also attract white blood cells that "eat" microorganisms and dead or damaged cells. The process where these white blood cells surround, engulf, and destroy foreign substances is called phagocytosis, and the cells are collectively referred to as phagocytes. Phagocytes eventually die. Pus is formed from a collection of dead tissue, dead bacteria, and live and dead phagocytes.

The immune response is how your body recognizes and defends itself against bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear foreign and harmful to the body.

The immune system protects the body from potentially harmful substances by recognizing and responding to so-called antigens. Antigens are large molecules (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles (such as a splinter) can be antigens. Substances that contain these antigens are recognized and destroyed by the immune system. Even your own body cells have proteins that are antigens. These include a group of antigens called HLA antigens. Your immune system learns to see these antigens as normal and does not usually react against them.

Immune Hemolytic Anemia

Antibodies

Antigens are large molecules (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, and some non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles. The immune system recognizes antigens and produces antibodies that destroy substances containing antigens.

Immune hemolytic anemia is a disorder characterized by anemia due to premature destruction of red blood cells by the immune system.

Immune hemolytic anemia occurs when antibodies form against the body's own red blood cells. The antibodies will destroy the blood cells because these blood cells are recognized as foreign material within the body. The antibodies may be acquired by blood transfusion, pregnancy (if the baby's blood type is different from the mother's), as a complication of another disease, or from a reaction to medications.

If the cause of antibody formation is disease or medication, it is referred to as secondary immune hemolytic anemia. The cause may also be unknown, as in idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which accounts for one-half of all immune hemolytic anemias. The disease may start quite rapidly and be very serious, or it may remain mild and not require specific treatment. Risk factors are related to the causes.

Immunizations - General Overview

Hepatitis A immunization (vaccine)

Immunization is a process to initiate or augment resistance to an infectious disease. The goal of immunization is to prevent, and in some cases eradicate, potentially serious, life-threatening diseases.

Immunizations

Immunizations (vaccinations) are given to initiate or augment resistance to an infectious disease. Immunizations provide a specialized form of immunity that provides long-lasting protection against specific antigens, which cause disease.

Immunization (vaccination) is a way to trigger your immune system and prevent serious, life-threatening diseases.

Our bodies are designed to protect us from diseases. When you are exposed to an illness, your immune system actually learns from the experience. The next time your body is exposed to the same illness, your immune system often recognizes the culprit and sets out to destroy it.

Immunization exposes you to a very small, very safe amount of the most important diseases you are likely to encounter at some point in your life. This mild exposure helps your immune system recognize and attack the disease efficiently. If you are exposed to the full-blown disease later in life, you will either not become infected or have a much less serious infection. This is a natural way to deal with infectious diseases.

Throughout human history, infectious diseases have caused measureless misery and death. This rampage was unchecked until the twentieth century, when immunization was introduced on a wide scale. This led to the global eradication of smallpox, the elimination of polio from the Americas, and has almost eliminated tetanus, diphtheria, mumps, and the horrible congenital rubella syndrome. Immunization has greatly reduced the occurrence of measles, pertussis, and meningitis. Millions of deaths and other tragedies have been prevented.

Four different types of vaccines are currently available.

• Attenuated (weakened) live virus is used in the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the varicella (chicken pox) vaccine. These vaccines last longer than other vaccines, but may cause serious infections in people with compromised immune systems.
• Killed (inactivated) viruses or bacteria used in some vaccines. For example, the influenza vaccine uses killed virus. These vaccines are safe, even in people with compromised immune systems.
• Toxoid vaccines contain a toxin produced by the bacterium or virus. For example, the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are actually toxoids.
• Biosynthetic vaccines contain synthetic "man-made" substances which appear to be antigens to the immune system. For example, the Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type B) conjugate vaccine is a biosynthetic vaccine.

IMMUNIZING CHILDREN

Babies get so many shots these days! Many parents are concerned that the sheer number of vaccines might overwhelm, weaken, or use up a baby's immature immune system. But a baby's immune system is built to make antibodies to as many as 10,000 foreign proteins. If a baby were to receive all 11 available vaccines at once, this would engage only a tiny fraction of the immune system.

MERCURY

A small amount of mercury (called thimerosal) is a common preservative in multi-dose vaccines. Despite concerns, thimerosal-containing vaccines have NOT been shown to cause autism or ADHD. Nevertheless, if you have concerns about mercury, all of the routine vaccines are also available without added thimerosal.

IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE

The recommended immunization schedule is updated at least every 12 months by organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics. Consult your primary care provider about specific immunizations for you or your child. At every doctor visit, ask about the next recommended immunizations.

TIPS FOR PARENTS

Immunizations must be given as an injection (shot). The following tips can help make the experience easier for your child:

• Tell older children that the shot is needed to keep them safe and healthy. Knowing what to expect ahead of time may reassure the child.
• Explain to the child that it is OK to cry, but suggest that the child try to be brave. Explain that you do not like injections either, but you try to be brave, too. Praise the child after the injection is over, whether or not he or she cries.
• Distract the child at the moment of the injection. For example, point out a picture on the wall, have them count or say their "ABCs", or tell them something funny.
• Try to be calm. The child will notice if you cringe before the shot!
• Plan something fun to do afterward. A trip to the park, eating out, or other entertainment after the shot can make the next one less scary.

IMMUNIZATIONS FOR ADULTS

Immunizations are not only for children. Each year the CDC posts recommended adult immunizations on their website. Go there to learn about tetanus booster shots, the flu shot, hepatitis A and B vaccines, the pneumococcal vaccine, MMR, and immunizations for chickenpox and meningitis.

Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine

Pneumococci organism

This picture shows the organism Pneumococci. These bacteria are usually paired (diplococci) or appear in chains. Pneumococci are typically associated with pneumonia, but may cause infection in other organs such as the brain (pneumococcal meningitis) and blood stream (pneumococcal septicemia). (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

Pneumococcal pneumonia

This is a photomicrograph of the organism that causes pneumococcal pneumonia. The bacteria are round, but join together to form chains. Frequently, these join together to form pairs and are called diplococci; the prefix di means two.

Pneumococcal vaccine

Pneumococcal vaccine is an immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae, a bacterium that frequently causes meningitis and pneumonia in the elderly, and people with chronic illnesses. Pneumococcal pneumonia accounts for 10 to 25% of all pneumonias.

The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine helps protect against severe infections due to the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacteria frequently causes meningitis and pneumonia in older adults and those with chronic illnesses. The vaccine has not been shown to prevent uncomplicated pneumonia.

VACCINE INFORMATION

Pneumococcal is an inactivated-bacteria vaccine, which means it uses inactive bacteria to teach the immune system to recognize and fight active bacteria, if it is ever detected.

This vaccine effectively prevents illnesses caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children over age 2 and adults at risk.

IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE

The vaccine is recommended for:

• High-risk people age 2 or older
  • Includes persons with heart disease, lung disease (excluding asthma), kidney disease, alcoholism, diabetes, cirrhosis, and leaks of cerebrospinal fluid
• Everyone age 65 years or older
• Those with sickle cell disease
• Those who have had their spleen removed
• Persons who live in nursing homes (extended-care facilities)
• Persons who live in any institution where there are people with chronic health problems
• Persons with conditions that weaken the immune system, such as cancer, HIV, or organ transplantation
• Persons who receive chronic (long-term) immunosuppressive medications, including steroids
• Alaskan natives and certain Native American populations

One single dose of the vaccine is given by injection. One dose works for most people. However, re-vaccination is recommended for people over age 65 who received their first dose before age 65 and more than 5 years ago. Other high-risk people, including those with weakened immune systems and spleen problems, may also need a second dose. You should speak with your doctor about specific reasons for vaccination and revaccination.

The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine does not protect against pneumococcal diseases in children under age 2. There is a different vaccine, the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which is routinely given to younger children to protect against disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Influenza Vaccine

Influenza vaccines

Influenza vaccines are developed each year to protect people from the three strains expected to be most prevalent. All the viruses in the vaccine are killed, so it is not possible to get the flu from the vaccine.

Influenza

Influenza, also known as the flu, is caused by a virus.

This vaccine protects people against the flu.

The flu is a contagious respiratory disease caused by an influenza virus. In the U.S., flu outbreaks typically occur in winter months. Symptoms include fever, chills, sore muscles, and cough. Thousands of people in the U.S. die each year from the flu or its complications. Most of those who die are the elderly, young children, or people with compromised immune systems.

The viruses that typically cause the flu are primarily categorized as influenza type A or type B. Influenza type B does not change much over time, but type A can mutate rapidly. Therefore, a new form of the flu vaccine must be developed each year to protect people for the exact strain that is expected to be most prevalent.

All the influenza viruses in the flu shot are killed (inactive), so it is not possible to get the flu from this type of vaccine. However, some people do experience a low-grade fever for a day or two after the shot as their immune systems gear up to recognize the virus.

A new nasal spray-type flu vaccine called FluMist is proving to be effective and safe in healthy people aged 5 to 49 years old. The FDA-approved vaccine helps the lining of the nose fight off actual viral infections. (FluMist uses a live, weakened virus instead of a dead one like the flu shot.) In one study, the nasal spray provided protection against the flu in up to 93% of children. It is not approved for young children or people with asthma.

Flu vaccines are generally given at the beginning of the "flu season" -- usually late October or early November in the U.S. People traveling to other countries should be aware the flu may occur at different times.

IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, anyone who wants to reduce their risk of the flu can get a flu shot. The flu shot is approved for anyone older that 6 months of age. Some people have a higher risk of the disease. You should be vaccinated each year if you:

• Are 50 or older
• Have chronic lung or heart disease
• Have sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies
• Live in a nursing home or extended care facilities
• Live in any type of housing where there are chronic health problems
• Have kidney disease, anemia, severe asthma, diabetes, or chronic liver disease
• Have a weakened immune system (including those with cancer or HIV/AIDS)
• Receive long-term treatment with steroids for any condition
• Expect to be past the 3rd month of pregnancy during the flu season (you may want to consider requesting the mercury-free flu vaccine)

Children and teenagers receiving long-term aspirin therapy and children between the age of 6 months and 2 years should also receive a flu shot each year. Mercury-free vaccines are preferred in younger children.

The flu shot is also recommended for health care providers who work in high-risk settings and direct contacts or caretakers of high-risk individuals.

The flu shot is encouraged for:

• People who have in-home contact with infants who are younger than 6 months old
• People who provide essential community services
• People living in dormitories or other crowded conditions
• Anyone who wants to reduce their change of getting influenza

Children under age 9 require two shots one month apart the first time that they receive influenza vaccine. Older children and adults only require a single shot each year.

Hepatitis B - Vaccine

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B is also known as serum hepatitis and is spread through blood and sexual contact. It is seen with increased frequency among intravenous drug users who share needles and among the homosexual population. This photograph is an electronmicroscopic image of hepatitis B virus particles. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

Hepatitis B

The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for healthcare workers, people who live with someone with hepatitis B, and others at higher risk. The hepatitis B virus can damage liver cells. Immunization is also recommended for all infants and unvaccinated adolescents.

The Hepatitis B - vaccine protects against hepatitis B, a serious disease that damages the liver.

VACCINE INFORMATION

The hepatitis B vaccine is one of the recommended childhood immunizations. Hepatitis spreads through contact with the blood and body fluids of an infected person. Hepatitis B can be passed from mother to baby during birth.

IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE

Hepatitis B vaccine is given as a series of three injections (shots). The first shot is given to infants shortly after birth. All 3 doses are necessary for the most effective and longest lasting immunity.

If the mother of the infant carries the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in her blood, the infant needs to receive the first shot shortly after birth. The next two shots are given at 2 months of age and then at 6 months of age.

If the mother of the infant does not have signs of the HBV in her blood, the infant may receive the shot anytime before leaving the hospital, or the vaccine may be delayed until the 4 or 8 week visit to the primary care provider. If given shortly after birth, the second shot is given at 1 to 2 months and the third at 6 months.

For infants who do not receive the first shot until 4 to 8 weeks, the second shot is given at 4 months and the third at 6 to 16 months. In either instance, the second and third shots are given along with other routine childhood immunizations.

Adolescents who have not been vaccinated should begin the hepatitis B vaccine series at the earliest possible date.

SIDE EFFECTS

Most infants who receive the HBV vaccine have no side effects. Others may have minor problems, such as soreness and redness at the injection site or a mild fever. Serious problems are rare and are mainly due to allergic reactions to a component of the vaccine.

Hepatitis A - Vaccine

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. The hepatitis A vaccine protects you against one type of hepatitis, hepatitis A. The vaccine stimulates your body to produce antibodies against the hepatitis A virus. Note that this vaccine will not protect you from other types of hepatitis.

The vaccine, called Havrix or VAQTA, is made from inactivated whole virus of hepatitis A. It is given by an injection in your arm. You should be protected against the disease within two weeks after receiving the first injection.

To ensure complete immunization against the disease, two vaccinations are required. After receiving the first vaccination, children and adults should have a booster vaccination in 6 to 12 months.

There is also a vaccine for adults called Twinrix that contains both Hepatitis A and B in combination. It reduces the number of needle sticks to achieve immunity to both viruses. It is given in 3 doses.

WHO SHOULD BE IMMUNIZED

People who work or travel in areas with high rates of infection should be vaccinated. These areas include Africa, Asia (except Japan), the Mediterranean, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central and Southern America, Mexico, and parts of the Caribbean.

If you are traveling to these areas before you are fully immunized (less than 4 weeks after first immunization), you should receive a preventive dose of immunoglobulin (IG). If you are just a short-term traveler to these areas, you may wish to only receive the immunoglobulin (IG) instead of the vaccine.

This vaccine is mandated (required) in children in Alaska, Arizona, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Utah. In addition, the ACIP recommends vaccination in children in California, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. These recommendations are based on the number of cases of Hepatitis in these states.

Other people who are at higher risk for hepatitis A include:

• Illegal intravenous drug users.
• People who work with the hepatitis A virus in a laboratory or with primates that may be infected with the virus.
• People who have chronic liver disease.
• People who receive clotting factor concentrate to treat hemophilia or other clotting disorders.
• Military personnel.
• Homosexual or bisexual men.
• Employees of child day-care centers.
• People who care for institutionalized patients.

Diphtheria Immunization (Vaccine)

Immunizations

Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by the toxin-producing bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It usually affects the respiratory tract (primarily the larynx, tonsils and throat). It may also affect the skin, and the toxin produced by this bacteria can damage the nerves and heart. The disease is now rare in many parts of the world because of widespread immunization.

This vaccine protects against diphtheria (Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae), a bacterial disease that affects the throat and can cause serious or deadly complications.

VACCINE INFORMATION

There are three forms of diphtheria immunization.

The DTaP Vaccine is a 3-in-1 vaccine that protects against diphtheria, pertussis , and tetanus . It can be given to children less than 7 years old. It is given by injection, usually into the arm or the thigh.

The DT vaccine is a 2-in-1 vaccine that protects against diphtheria and tetanus. It can be given to children less than 7 years old. It is given by injection, usually into the arm or thigh.

The Td Vaccine is for anyone over age 7. The vaccine that protects against tetanus and diphtheria. It contains a slightly different dose of diphtheria vaccine than the DT vaccine. The vaccine is injected, usually into the arm.

IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE

Diphtheria vaccination is one of the recommended childhood immunizations which should begin during infancy. Diphtheria immunization is generally required before a child can start school. Five doses of vaccine are recommended during childhood.

DTaP or DT immunization is usually a series of injections given to children at ages 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, and 15-18 months. A booster is given between ages 4 and 6, before a child start's school.

DTaP is recommended unless there is a reason that the child should not receive the pertussis vaccine (such as allergic reaction), in which case the DT should be given.

After the initial series of immunizations, a Td vaccine booster shot should be given at age 11-12 and every 10 years thereafter.

Polio Immunization (Vaccine)

Polio immunization protects against poliomyelitis (Poliomyelitis is a disorder caused by a viral infection. The virus, known as poliovirus, infects nerves. This infection can lead to temporary paralysis or, in more severe cases, permanent paralysis or death.), a severe disease that leads to the loss of movement (paralysis)

Polio is a severe, contagious, life-threatening disease. It usually affects children under 5 years of age. The development of the polio vaccine by Dr. Jonas Salk in 1955 has helped significantly reduce the rates of polio. However, the disease remains common in some developing countries, so there is a risk that it can spread to the United States. In 2005, a few unvaccinated children in Minnesota developed the disease. This outbreak highlights the continued importance of vaccination.

The vaccine contains an inactive (dead) form of the polio virus. It is called IPV (inactivated polio vaccine). IPV cannot cause polio.

IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE

Polio vaccination is one of the recommended childhood immunizations and vaccination should begin during infancy. In most parts of the United States, polio immunization is required before a child can start school.

Children should receive 4 doses of IPV; one dose each at ages 2 months, 4 months, 6 - 18 months, and 4 - 6 years. Children who have received 3 doses of IPV before age 4 should receive a fourth dose before or at the time they first start school. The fourth dose is not needed if the third dose is given after age 4.

The first and second doses of the IPV are necessary to help the immune system protect against polio. The third and fourth doses provide further protection. For almost everyone, the benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks.

Adults are not given a booster polio shot unless they are likely to be in places where the disease is know to occur.

DT immunization

DT (diphtheria and tetanus) vaccine does not protect from pertussis and is usually reserved for individuals who have had a significant adverse reaction to a DPT shot or who have a personal or family history of a seizure disorder or brain disease.
Tetanus is an acute, often-fatal disease of the nervous system that is caused by the nerve toxins of the bacterium called Clostridium tetani. This bacteria is found throughout the world as a normal element in the soil and in animal and human intestines.

Whooping cough (pertussis) is an acute, highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by a bacterium . The first outbreaks of pertussis were described in the 16th century. The bacterium responsible for the infection, Bordetella pertussis, was not isolated until 1906. Each year, 5,000-7,000 cases of whooping cough (pertussis) are recorded each year in the United States. The incidence of pertussis has been steadily increasing since the 1980’s.

Whooping cough (pertussis) commonly affects infants and young children but can be prevented with immunization with pertussis vaccine. Pertussis vaccine is most commonly given in combination with the vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus in the vaccine known as “DPT.” (Pertussis is the "P" in the DPT vaccine.) Immunity from the DPT vaccine wears off, so many teenagers and adults get whooping cough (pertussis).

Treatment of whooping cough is supportive, meaning that treatment is directed at the symptoms, e.g., cough; however, young infants often need hospitalization if the coughing becomes severe.

DPT Immunization

DPT immunization is a vaccine 3-in-1 securing against difteri, pertusis and tetanus.
Difteri is a bacterium infection groaning red lane and can cause the fatal or serious complication.
Pertusis (whooping) is infetion bacterium at air-duct marked coughedly is excitement which remain to and also screechy exhalation sound. Pertusis take place during some week and can cause the attack cough the excitement so that child cannot breathe, eat or drink the. Pertusis also can generate the serious complication, like pneumonia, spastic and brain damage.
Tetanus is bacterium infection which can cause the inertia at jaw and also spastic.
Vaccine DPT is vaccine 3-in-1 which can be passed to a child which old age less than 7 year.
Usually vaccine DPT there are in the form of injection, what is inseminated at muscle of arm or thigh.
DPT immunization given by counted 3 times, that is at the time of child old age 2 month (DPT I), 3 month (DPT II) and 4 month (DPT III); a time gap not less than 4 week. DPT Immunization repeat given 1 year after DPT III and at age preschool (5-6 year).
If child experience of reaction of allergy to vaccine pertusis, hence better be given DT, non DPT.
After getting to with refer to to immunize early, better be given booster of vaccine Td at age 14-16 year later, every 10 year (because vaccine only giving protection during 10 year, after 10 year require to be given booster).
Almost 85% child getting to minimize 3 times pregnant injection of vaccine difteri, will obtain, get the protection to difteri during 10 year.
DPT often light caused side effects, like light fever or pain in bone in place inoculation during few days. The side effects happened caused by component pertusis in vaccine.
Less than 1% inoculation, DTP cause the complication of following:

• high fever (more than 40,5° Celsius)

• spastic

• fever spastic (higher risk at previous child have experienced of the spastic or there are spastic history in its family)

• syok (blue, pale, weak, not give respon).

If child is suffering more serious pain from light flu, DPT immunization can be delayed until healthy child.
If child have experienced of the spastic, encephalitis or its growth is abnormal, inoculation DPT is often delayed until its condition is good or its spastic can be controlled.
1-2 day after getting injection DPT, possibly will be happened the light fever, pain in bone, squeezing or abscess in place inoculation.
To overcome the pain in bone and degrade the fever, can be given asetaminofen (or ibuprofen).
To lessen the pain in bone in place inoculation also can be conducted a warm compress or a more regular move about the and also arm pertinent leg.

BCG Immunization

Vaccination BCG give the active impenetrability to disease tuberkulosis ( TUBERCULOSIS). BCG given 1 times before child old age 2 month. BCG Restating is not suggested because its efficacy is hesitated.
Vaccine inseminated by intrakutan at arm to the, for the baby of to old age less than 1 year given counted 0,05 mL and for the child of to old age more than 1 year given counted 0,1 mL
This vaccine contain the bacterium of Bacillus Calmette-Guerrin life weakened, counted 50.000-1.000.000 particle/dose
Containdication for the vaccination of BCG is patient of trouble of impenetrability system (for example leukemia patient, patient experiencing long-range steroid medication, patient of infection HIV)
Reaction which is possible happened the

• Local reaction : 1-2 week after inoculation, inoculation place arise the small bump and squeezing is which hard feel. Then this bump turn into the pustula (bubble contain the matter), last break and form the gape cut (ulkus). This hurt finally recover spontaneously during 8-12 week by leaving grat.

• Regional reaction : magnification of gland of lymph of armpit or neck, without accompanied the pain in bone depress and also fever, to disappear during 3-6 month

Complication which possible arise :

• Abscess forming (matter conglomeration) in place inoculation because too inoculation in. This abscess will disappear spontaneously. To quicken the healing, when abscess have matured, better be conducted by a aspiration (abscess suction by using needle) and non cuting

• Limfadenitis Supurativa, happened if inoculation conducted too in or its dose too high. This situation will be good during 2-6 month.

Immunization

Immunization is giving of vaccine to prevent the happening of certain disease.

Vaccine is an drug given to assist to to prevent a disease. Vaccine assist the body to yield the antibody. This antibody function to secure against the disease.

Vaccine do not only taking care of child remain to be healthy, but also assist to eradicate the serious disease of arising out of childhood.

Vaccine in general peaceful enough. Protection advantage given by a vaccine much more big than side effects which possible arise.

With the existence of vaccine of hence many serious childhood disease, present have seldom be found.

Khalila Andisa Putri

Khalila Andisa Putri was born at Elisabeth Hospital Semarang on May 29, 2007